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Bird and Animal Issues

Overview  |  Monitoring/Surveillance   |  Food Safety
Hunters 
| Pet Owners | Learn More

 

Overview

Avian influenza, also known as “bird flu,” is a disease of birds that can occasionally affect people.  Wild birds such as geese and ducks carry the virus in their intestines and shed it in their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions and feces. Other birds, including domestic poultry, can become infected when they come into contact with these fluids.

Worldwide, avian influenza can be found in many different strains that have different effects on wild birds and domestic poultry. Some are defined as low pathogenic or high pathogenic. The virus spreading rapidly among poultry flocks and other birds in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East is a highly pathogenic avian flu virus known as  H5N1. This strain surfaced in Hong Kong in 1997 but may have been around for decades previous to this.

Currently, there is no evidence indicating that the H5N1 virus is present in the North American wild bird population, and the virus poses little risk to America’s poultry and egg supply. However, U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services and Department of Natural Resources will be working together to monitor and test selected migratory waterfowl species at high risk for infection.  The USDA also restricts importations of birds and poultry products from countries with known infections.

Even if a case of avian influenza was detected in Indiana or the United States, that would not signal the start of a human influenza pandemic.  While humans could contract a form of avian influenza through close contact with an infected bird, for a pandemic to occur the virus would have to mutate into a strain of influenza that can be easily spread from person to person.

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Monitoring/Surveillance

State and federal wildlife agencies plans to test many more wild birds this year. Of the four major flyways in North America, the Pacific Flyway is of greatest concern because birds that nest in Alaska spend their winters in Asia where H5N1 is endemic. The initial testing phase will concentrate on Alaska, and in particular, coastal areas that have the most potential for contact among Asian and North American Birds. This will be followed by the Central, Mississippi and Atlantic flyways.

In Indiana, DNR officials will be working with federal agencies to monitor and test wild waterfowl. Indiana resident geese and ducks do not migrate a significant distance; therefore, those waterfowl are not at risk for initial exposure to highly pathogenic avian flu and are not a priority in the surveillance program. The sampling effort will peak during the fall migration season and continue through early 2007. Approximately, 1,200 samples taken directly from live, dead or hunter-harvested birds will be collected and tested at Purdue University's Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab or other labs.

Wild Bird Surveillance Plan: An Early Detection System for Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds U.S. Interagency Strategic Plan.

Report sick or dead farm birds

Early detection can make a difference. Watch for signs of disease or unexpected deaths among your birds. Signs to watch out for include:

· Sudden death without clinical signs

· Low egg production and/or soft-shelled or misshapen eggs

· Nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing

· Swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles and hocks

· Purple discoloration of the wattles, comb and legs

· Lack of coordination

· Watery and green diarrhea

If your birds are sick or dying, call the USDA's Veterinary Services toll free at 1-866-536-7593, or your State Veterinarian or local extension agent to find out why.

Report sick or dead wild birds

Hoosiers can also help with the monitoring and surveillance of wild birds. If you find dead migratory geese, ducks or swans or shorebirds, DO NOT PICK THEM UP FOR TESTING.  Please call the Indiana Wildlife Conflicts Hotline at 1-800-893-4116 to report the location. DNR and Wildlife Services professional staff will determine if testing is necessary.

Disposing of dead birds

Even though this is a disease of birds with low risk of transmission to people, individuals should not handle dead birds with their bare hands.

If you need to dispose of a dead bird, use gloves, a shovel or plastic bag turned inside out over you hand to pick up the dead bird. Double bag it and either bury it or dispose of it in the trash.

For questions about avian influenza in wild birds, please call the Wildlife Conflicts hotline at 1-800-893-4116.

You may also consult the following resources for more information: 

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Infection Control


 

Food Safety

Although the H5N1 virus is highly infectious among poultry, it is not easily transmitted to humans.  Of the 229 human cases identified since 2003, not one has been linked to the consumption of properly cooked poultry products.

When properly cooked and safely handled, poultry products pose no serious risk to humans, according to experts at the World Health Organization.

"The main health risk currently is to people who are in close contact with infected poultry such as families with backyard flocks and poultry workers in wet markets or live animal markets," said Dr. Lee Jong-Wook, WHO Director-General, earlier this year.

 "... Globally, the evidence demonstrates that there is no risk of infection when birds and eggs are well-cooked, as this kills the virus."

When preparing food, be sure to do the following:

  • Wash your hands when handling food

  • Clean all surfaces in contact with raw meat

  • Keep foods cold before and after cooking

  • Do not cross-contaminate cooked and uncooked items, including utensils, hands and preparation surfaces

  • Poultry should be cooked to an internal temperature of 170 degrees F, which is more than adequate to kill the AI virus.

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Hunters

Hunters should follow routine precautions when handling game:

  • Do not handle or eat sick game

  • Wear rubber or disposable latex gloves while handling and cleaning game, wash hands as described above, and thoroughly clean knives, equipment and surfaces that come in contact with game.

  • Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling animals.

  • All game should be thoroughly cooked (well done or 170 degrees F).

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Pet Owners
(information below reprinted from CDC website: see www.cdc.gov/flu/avian)

Printable version

What animals can be infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses?
In addition to humans and birds, we know that pigs, tigers, leopards, ferrets, and domestic cats can be infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses. In addition, in early March 2006, Germany reported H5N1 infection in a stone marten (a weasel-like mammal). The avian influenza A (H5N1) virus that emerged in Asia in 2003 is evolving and it’s possible that other mammals may be susceptible to infection as well. CDC is working closely with domestic and international partners to continually monitor this situation and will provide additional information to the public as it becomes available.

Can domestic cats be infected with avian influenza viruses?
While domestic cats are not usually susceptible to influenza type A infection, it is known that they can become infected and die (both experimentally and naturally) with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses and, in a laboratory/research setting can spread the virus to other cats. It is not known whether domestic cats can spread the virus to other domestic cats under natural conditions.

How do cats become infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses?
All of the cases of influenza A (H5N1) infection in domestic cats reported to date have been associated with H5N1 outbreaks among domestic poultry or wild birds and are thought to have occurred by the cat eating raw infected birds.

Can cats spread H5N1 to people or other pets?
There is no evidence to date that cats can spread H5N1 to humans. No cases of avian influenza in humans have been linked to exposure to sick cats, and no outbreaks among populations of cats have been reported. All of the influenza A (H5N1) infections in cats reported to date appear to have been associated with outbreaks in domestic or wild birds and acquired through ingestion of raw meat from an infected bird.

I have a small flock of chickens and I live in the county.  Is it safe to keep them?
Yes.  There is no reason to at this time remove your flock of chickens.  But backyard poultry owners and small poultry producers should practice good biosecurity by restricting access to their property, disinfecting shoes, clothes, and hands and reporting sick or suspicious birds to a veterinarian or extension agent.  More information on how to protect your backyard flock can be found at the USDA's "Biosecurity for the Birds" program.

What is the current risk that a cat in the United States will become infected with influenza A (H5N1)?
As long as there is no influenza A (H5N1) in the United States, there is no risk of a U.S. cat becoming infected with this disease. The virus circulating in Asia, Europe and Africa has not yet entered the United States. CDC is working closely with domestic and international partners to continually monitor this situation and will provide additional information to the public as it becomes available.

What is the current risk that a dog in the United States will become infected with avian influenza A (H5N1)?
As long as there is no influenza A (H5N1) in the United States, there is no risk of a U.S. dog becoming infected with this disease. The virus circulating in Asia, Europe and Africa has not yet entered the United States. CDC is working closely with domestic and international partners to continually monitor this situation and will provide additional information to the public as it becomes available.  There is not enough information available about avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in dogs to know how infection would occur.

 If Bird Flu Arrives: Safety Tips for Your Family and Pets

Information below condensed and reprinted from the Humane Society of the United States. 

See www.HSUS.org for further information.

 Do not abandon your pets or relinquish them to animal shelters if  avian flu is detected in wild birds or birds in agriculture in your community; people and pets can be safe from the virus by taking simple, common-sense measures to protect your health.

Cats:

  • Cats can become infected with H5N1

  • Keep pet cats indoors.  This will keep cats from stalking wild birds and from bringing home dead bird “treats.”

  • The virus can pass from cat to cat; be cautious about handling stray cats in H5N1-affected areas, and do not let your own cats come in contact with strays.  Contact your local animal shelter, animal control agency, or feral cat organization for assistance with stray cats.

  • Do not touch sick or dead stray cats.  Report sick or dead cats to Animal Care and Control.

  • Consult a veterinarian if your cat shows signs of breathing trouble or nasal discharge.

  • Include your cat in planning for a pandemic.  Have extra supplies of your cat’s food and any medications.

Dogs:

  • It is not clear whether dogs are susceptible to the virus, but it is advisable to take precautions.

  • When taking dogs outside, keep them restrained on a leash.

  • Make sure contact between dogs and wild birds or poultry (or their feces) is avoided; don’t let dogs pick up dead birds or other animals.

  • Include your dog in planning for a pandemic.  Have extra supplies of your dog’s food and any medications.

Pet Birds:

  • Pet birds can become infected with H5N1 if they are exposed to infected birds or their secretions.

  • Keep pet birds indoors and do not allow them to have any contact with wild birds.

  • Do not introduce new birds into your home.  If you do so, make sure they are first quarantined and tested for bird flu.  Make sure everyone who touches your birds or maintains their cages has clean hands, clothes, and shoes (so they don’t accidentally track germs from wild birds into your home).

  • Don’t share contaminated supplies or housing with other bird owners.

  • Include your bird in planning for a pandemic.  Have extra supplies of your bird’s food and any medications.

Wild Birds
(Information supplied by http://www.birds.cornell.edu/birdflu/what-you-should-know/q-a/q-a-3/)

  • Avoid physical contact with wild birds and their byproducts (i.e. feathers, feces).

  • If you must move a dead bird, use double plastic bags or disposable gloves and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and hot water afterward.

  • If you maintain a backyard bird feeder or bath, practice good hygiene measures such as wearing gloves when you clean the bath or refill the feeder and make sure to wash your hands afterward.

  • If you currently feed birds, please do not discontinue feeding, especially during late migration and winter months.  Birds will have become dependant on your feeders, and may not survive without your continued support.  If you decide to discontinue feeding, please do so in the summer, when other food sources are plentiful and birds are not migrating.


Information Summary provided by Indiana State Board of Animal Health in conjunction with City of Fort Wayne, Department of Animal Care and Control

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Learn More

Avian Flu in general

· Bird Flu Info (CDC)

· Spread of AI among Birds (CDC)

· Bird Flu Info (USDA)

· Bird Flu Info (USDI)

· Avian Influenza (National Wildlife Health Center)

· Bird Flu Info (BOAH)

· Bird Flu Info (WHO)

· FAQ (WHO)

· Avian Influenza, or “Bird Flu”: What You Need to Know (American Council on Science and Health) [PDF]

Avian Flu in Humans

· Transmission of Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People (CDC)

· Infections in Humans (CDC)

· Avian Influenza Risks to Humans and Poultry (Simon Kenyon, Purdue Extension veterinarian) [Full Text]

Surveillance

· USDA, DOI and HHS Interagency Screening Plan

· Indiana’s Wild Bird Monitoring (Fluinfo.IN.gov)

Food Safety

· Food Safety (Fluinfo.IN.gov)

· Food Safety (FDA)

· Safe Food Handling (USDA)

· Food Safety Education (USDA)

· USDA’s Meat and Poultry Hotline (English & Spanish)
1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854)TTY: 1-800-256-7072

Protecting Pets

· Educating Pet Owners (USDA)

· H5N1 in Cats (WHO)

  • H5N1 in Cats (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

 

Protecting Poultry

· Avian Influenza: Poultry (Fluinfo.IN.gov)

· Avian/Birds (BOAH)

· Indiana Poultry Emergency Disease Response—Fact Sheet  (Purdue Extension) [PDF]

· Biosecurity for the Birds (USDA APHISl Veterinary Services)

 Six Ways to Prevent Poultry Disease

 Have Poultry? Tips for Keeping Your Birds Healthy

 Online Media Kit

 Brochures and Fact Sheets

Protecting Workers

· Guidance for Protecting Workers Against Avian Flu (Department of Labor)

Protecting Poultry Workers at Risk (OSHA) [PDF]

Protecting Workers Involved in Bird Eradication

· Interim Guidance for Protection of Persons Involved in U.S. Avian Influenza Outbreak Disease Control and Eradication Activities (CDC)

· Interim Guidelines for the Protection of Persons Handling Wild Birds (USGS National Wildlife Health Center)

Protecting People Exposed to Animals

· Safety Guidelines for Handling Wild Birds (National Wildlife Health Center)

· What Hunters Should Know about AI (AvianFlu.gov)

Traveling to Foreign Countries

· Advice for Travelers (CDC)

· Seeking Health Care Abroad (CDC)

 
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